Category Python

PySpark and Jupyter Notebook

export PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON=jupyter
export PYSPARK_DRIVER_PYTHON_OPTS='notebook'

Then, run

pyspark

Pip

Show Pip Configuration

pip config list

Set Pip Cache Folder

pip config set global.cache-dir D:\Temp\Pip\Cache

Location of packages

pip show <module>

Installation

Update all Python Packages with Powershell

pip freeze | %{$_.split('==')[0]} | %{pip install --upgrade $_}

Update Packages

requirements.txt aktualisieren und alle Versionsnummern als Minimalversionnummer setzen

sed -i '' 's/==/>=/g' requirements.txt
pip install -U -r requirements.txt
pip freeze > requirements.txt

pip install --upgrade --force-reinstall -r requirements.txt

pip install --ignore-installed -r requirements.txt

Installation

FastAPI basiert auf den nachfolgenden leistungsfähigen Paketen:

• Starlette für deb Web-Teil.
• Pydantic für den Daten-Teil.

pip install fastapi

Oder die Installation von FastAPI mit allen Komponenten

pip install fastapi[all]

pip install uvicorn[standard]

Arbeiten mit Datenbanken

Alembic

Alembic ist ein leichtgewichtiges Datenbankmigrationstool zur Verwendung mit dem SQLAlchemy Database Toolkit für Python.

pip install alembic
alembic init alembic
alembic list_templates
alembic init --template generic ./scripts

Migrationsskript zur Erstellug der Tabelle ‘account’

alembic revision -m "create account table"

Migrationsskript bearbeiten

def upgrade():
    op.create_table(
        'account',
        sa.Column('id', sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
        sa.Column('name', sa.String(50), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('description', sa.Unicode(200)),
    )

def downgrade():
    op.drop_table('account')

Migration durchführen

alembic upgrade head

Migrationsskript erstellen für das Hinzufügen einer Spalte

alembic revision -m "Add a column"

Migrationsskript bearbeiten

def upgrade():
    op.add_column('account', sa.Column('last_transaction_date', sa.DateTime))

def downgrade():
    op.drop_column('account', 'last_transaction_date')

Migration durchführen

alembic upgrade head

Introduction

Cookbook

proc freq

proc freq data=mydata;
    tables myvar / nocol nopercent nocum;
run;

mydata.myvar.value_counts().sort_index()

sort by frequency

proc freq order=freq data=mydata;
	tables myvar / nocol nopercent nocum;
run;

mydata.myvar.value_counts()

with missing

proc freq order=freq data=mydata;
    tables myvar / nocol nopercent nocum missing;
run;

mydata.myvar.value_counts(dropna=False)

proc means

proc means data=mydata n mean std min max p25 median p75;
    var myvar;
run;

mydata.myvar.describe()

more percentiles

proc means data=mydata n mean std min max p1 p5 p10 p25 median p75 p90 p95 p99;
	var myvar;
run;

mydata.myvar.describe(percentiles=[.01, .05, .1, .25, .5, .75, .9, .95, .99])

data step

concatenate datasets

data concatenated;
    set mydata1 mydata2;
run;

concatenated = pandas.concat([mydata1, mydata2])

proc contents

proc contents data=mydata;
run;

mydata.info()

save output

proc contents noprint data=mydata out=contents;
run;

contents = mydata.info()  # check this is right

Misc

number of rows in a datastep

* Try this for size: http://www2.sas.com/proceedings/sugi26/p095-26.pdf;

len(mydata)

Installation

Install current Version (3.2.8)

❯ pip install django==3.2.8

Install next Version (4.0)

❯ pip install --pre django

Check installed version

❯ python -m django --version

❯ django-admin.exe version

First steps

The following steps are based on a summary of the Django Tutorial

Create project

django-admin startproject main
cd working_with_django
python manage.py migrate
python manage.py runserver 8080
python manage.py startapp app_base

Create view

Create view in app_base/views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse

def index(request):
    return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")

Add view to app_base/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),
]

Add urls to project main/urls.py

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    path('app_base/', include('app_base.urls')),
]

Create admin user

$ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'user'): admin
Email address: admin@localhost
Password: 
Password (again): 
Superuser created successfully.

Create data and database

Create database model in app_base/models.py

from django.db import models

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

class Choice(models.Model):
    question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)

Activating models in main/settings.py

INSTALLED_APPS = [
    'app_base.apps.AppBaseConfig',

    'django.contrib.admin',
    'django.contrib.auth',
    'django.contrib.contenttypes',
    'django.contrib.sessions',
    'django.contrib.messages',
    'django.contrib.staticfiles',
]

$ python manage.py makemigrations app_base
$ python manage.py sqlmigrate app_base 0001

Make app modifiable in the admin (app_base/admin.py)

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import Question

admin.site.register(Question)

Writing more views

Create views in app_base/views.py

def detail(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're looking at question %s." % question_id)

def results(request, question_id):
    response = "You're looking at the results of question %s."
    return HttpResponse(response % question_id)

def vote(request, question_id):
    return HttpResponse("You're voting on question %s." % question_id)

Add new views into app_base/urls.py

from django.urls import path
from . import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.index, name='index'),

    path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
    path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
    path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
]

Add template in app_base/templates/polls/index.html

{% if latest_question_list %}
    <ul>
    {% for question in latest_question_list %}
        <li><a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{ question.question_text }}</a></li>
    {% endfor %}
    </ul>
{% else %}
    <p>No polls are available.</p>
{% endif %}

Modify view in app_base/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render
...
def index(request):
    latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    context = {'latest_question_list': latest_question_list}
    return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)

Raising a 404 error in app_base/views.py

from django.http import HttpResponse
from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404

from .models import Question
# ...
def detail(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})

Create template app_base/templates/polls/detail.html

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
<ul>
{% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
    <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
{% endfor %}
</ul>

Removing hardcoded URLs in app_base/templates/polls/index.html

<li>
   <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a>
</li>

The way this works is by looking up the URL definition as specified in the app_base/urs.py

...
# the 'name' value as called by the {% url %} template tag
path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
...

Namespacing URL names in app_base/urls.py

app_name = 'app_base'

urlpatterns = [
...

Then, modify link in app_base/templates/polls/index.html

from url ‘detail’ to url ‘app_base:detail’

<li>
    <a href="{% url 'app_base:detail' question.id %}">{{ question.question_text }}</a>
</li>

Use generic views: Less code is better

Create class in app_views/views.py

class HomeView(generic.TemplateView):
    template_name = 'index.html'

Create template app_views/templates/index.html

<h1>App Views:</h1>
Welcome

Modify app_views/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

Add another app to main project

Create app

$ python manage.py startapp app_view

Modify main/urls.py

urlpatterns = [
    path('admin/',     admin.site.urls),
    path('app_base/',  include('app_base.urls')),
    path('app_views/', include('app_views.urls')),
]

Add data model in app_views/models.py

from django.db import models

class DataItem(models.Model):
    text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    data = models.IntegerField(default=0)

    def __str__(self):
        return self.text

Register data in app_views/admin.py

from django.contrib import admin
from .models import DataItem

admin.site.register(DataItem)

Activate models

$ python manage.py makemigrations app_views
$ python manage.py sqlmigrate app_views 0001
$ python manage.py migrate app_views

Navigation / Redirection

Set root page of Django project

When accessing your Django project, the root page will normaly doesn’n show your app homepage.

To change this, you hate to modiy the url handling.

In the following sample, replace <appname> with the name of your app

Define a redirection view in your app (/<appname>/urls.py)

def redirect_to_home(request):
    return redirect('/<appname>')

Define path in the global urls.py (/main/urls.py)

from django.contrib import admin
from django.urls import include, path
from django.shortcuts import redirect

from <appname> import views

urlpatterns = [
    path('',            views.redirect_to_home, name='home'),
    path('<appname>/',  include('<appname>.urls')),
    path('admin/',      admin.site.urls)
]

Highlight current page in navigation menu

<div class="list-group">
    <a href="{% url 'app:upload:basic' %}" class="list-group-item{% if request.path == '/upload/basic/' %} active{% endif %}">
            Basic Upload
    </a>
    <a href="{% url 'app:upload:progress' %}" class="list-group-item{% if request.path == '/upload/progress/' %} active{% endif %}">
            Progress Bar Upload
    </a>
</div>

Using PostgresSQL Database

Install PostgresSQL

Create Superuser

createuser.exe --interactive --pwprompt

Logging

Additional reading

Tutorials

• https://realpython.com/django-redirects/
• https://django-best-practices.readthedocs.io/en/latest/
• https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/tag/python-django/
• https://www.django-rest-framework.org

Testing

• https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#

Blogs and Posts

• Django Basics for a Beginner at medium.com
• Django Quiz

Resolving problems

Wrong template is used

The template system is using a search approach to find the specified template file, e.g. ‘home.html’.

If you created more than one apps with the same filenames for templates, the first one will be used.

Change the template folders and add the app name, e.g.

template/
        app_base/
                home.html

Resolving error messages and erors

‘app_name’ is not a registered namespace

One reason for this error is the usage of a namespace in a link.

Back to <a href="{% url 'app_views:home' %}">Home</a>

If you want to use this way of links, you have to define the namespace/appname in your <app>/urls.py file

app_name = 'app_views'
urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.HomeView.as_view(), name='home'),
]

dependencies reference nonexistent parent node

• Recreate database and migration files
• Remove all migration files under */migrations/00*.py
• Remove all pycache folders under */__pycache__ and */*/__pycache__
• Run migration again

$ python manage.py makemigrations
$ python manage migrate

ValueError: Dependency on app with no migrations: customuser

$ python manage.py makemigrations

Project Structure

Running tasks with Makefile

PREFIX_PKG := app

default:
	grep -E ':\s+#' Makefile

clearcache:	# Clear Cache
	python3 manage.py clearcache

run:		# Run Server
	python3 manage.py runserver 8000

deploy:		# Deploy
	rm -rf dist $(PREFIX_PKG)*
	rm -rf polls.dist
	cd polls && python3 setup.py sdist
	mkdir polls.dist && mv polls/dist/* polls/$(PREFIX_PKG)* polls.dist

install_bootstrap:	# Install Bootstrap Library
	cd .. && yarn add bootstrap
	rm -rf  polls/static/bootstrap
	mkdir   polls/static/bootstrap
	cp -R ../node_modules/bootstrap/dist/* polls/static/bootstrap

install_jquery:		# Install jQuery Library
	cd .. && yarn add jquery
	rm -rf polls/static/jquery
	mkdir  polls/static/jquery
	cp ../node_modules/jquery/dist/* polls/static/jquery

install_bootstrap_from_source:	# Install Bootstrap from Source
	mkdir -p install && \
	wget https://github.com/twbs/bootstrap/releases/download/v4.1.3/bootstrap-4.1.3-dist.zip -O install/bootstrap-4.1.3-dist.zip && \
	unzip install/bootstrap-4.1.3-dist.zip -d polls/static/bootstrap/4.1.3

First Step: Hello World Sample

The following steps at borrowed from the quick start tutorial.

Download sample repository

$ git clone https://github.com/Azure-Samples/python-docs-hello-world
$ cd python-docs-hello-world

Create virtual environment

$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install -r requirements.txt
$ export FLASK_APP=application.py
$ flask run

Login zu Azure

$ az login

Deploy to App Service

$ az webapp up --sku F1 -n azure-toolbox-flask-demo -l westeurope
webapp azure-toolbox-flask-demo doesn't exist
Creating Resource group 'xx_xx_Linux_westeurope' ...
Resource group creation complete
Creating AppServicePlan 'xx_asp_Linux_westeurope_0' ...
Creating webapp 'flask-demo' ...
Configuring default logging for the app, if not already enabled
Creating zip with contents of dir .../Working-with_Python ...
Getting scm site credentials for zip deployment
Starting zip deployment. This operation can take a while to complete ...
Deployment endpoint responded with status code 202
You can launch the app at http://via-internet-flask-demo.azurewebsites.net
{
  "URL": "http:/azure-toolbox-flask-demo.azurewebsites.net",
  "appserviceplan": "xx_asp_Linux_westeurope_0",
  "location": "westeurope",
  "name": "azure-toolbox--flask-demo",
  "os": "Linux",
  "resourcegroup": "xx_xx_Linux_westeurope",
  "runtime_version": "python|3.7",
  "runtime_version_detected": "-",
  "sku": "FREE",
  "src_path": ".../Working-with_Python"
}

Create Django App with PostgreSQL

Installation PostgreSQL on Mac OS

$ brew install postgres
==> Installing dependencies for postgresql: krb5
==> Installing postgresql dependency: krb5
...
==> Installing postgresql
...
==> Caveats
==> krb5
krb5 is keg-only, which means it was not symlinked into /usr/local, because macOS already provides this software and installing another version in
parallel can cause all kinds of trouble.

If you need to have krb5 first in your PATH run:
  echo 'export PATH="/usr/local/opt/krb5/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile
  echo 'export PATH="/usr/local/opt/krb5/sbin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bash_profile

For compilers to find krb5 you may need to set:
  export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/krb5/lib"
  export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/krb5/include"

For pkg-config to find krb5 you may need to set:
  export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/krb5/lib/pkgconfig"

==> postgresql
To migrate existing data from a previous major version of PostgreSQL run:
  brew postgresql-upgrade-database

To have launchd start postgresql now and restart at login:
  brew services start postgresql
Or, if you don't want/need a background service you can just run:
  pg_ctl -D /usr/local/var/postgres start

Set user and passwords for postgres database

Create database and user for django app

$ psql postgres
psql (12.1)
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# CREATE DATABASE pollsdb;
CREATE DATABASE
postgres=# CREATE USER manager WITH PASSWORD '########';
CREATE ROLE
postgres=# GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON DATABASE pollsdb TO manager;
GRANT

Download sample repository

$ git clone https://github.com/Azure-Samples/djangoapp.git
$ cd djangoapp

Create virtual environment

$ python3 -m venv venv
$ source venv/bin/activate
$ pip install -r requirements.txt

$ cat env.sh
export DBHOST="localhost"
export DBUSER="manager"
export DBNAME="pollsdb"
export DBPASS="supersecretpass"
$ . env.sh

$ python manage.py  makemigrations
No changes detected
$ python manage.py  migrate
Operations to perform:
  Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
Running migrations:
  Applying contenttypes.0001_initial... OK
  Applying auth.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0001_initial... OK
  Applying admin.0002_logentry_remove_auto_add... OK
  Applying admin.0003_logentry_add_action_flag_choices... OK
  Applying contenttypes.0002_remove_content_type_name... OK
  Applying auth.0002_alter_permission_name_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0003_alter_user_email_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0004_alter_user_username_opts... OK
  Applying auth.0005_alter_user_last_login_null... OK
  Applying auth.0006_require_contenttypes_0002... OK
  Applying auth.0007_alter_validators_add_error_messages... OK
  Applying auth.0008_alter_user_username_max_length... OK
  Applying auth.0009_alter_user_last_name_max_length... OK
  Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
  Applying sessions.0001_initial... OK

 $ python manage.py createsuperuser
Username (leave blank to use 'user'): admin
Email address: admin@localhost
Password:
Password (again):
Superuser created successfully.

Run server and acccess web page at http://127.0.0.1:8000/

$ python manage.py runserver
Performing system checks...

System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
January 25, 2020 - 16:42:14
Django version 2.1.2, using settings 'azuresite.settings'
Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
Quit the server with CONTROL-C.
[25/Jan/2020 16:42:26] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 111
[25/Jan/2020 16:42:26] "GET /static/polls/style.css HTTP/1.1" 200 27
Not Found: /favicon.ico
[25/Jan/2020 16:42:26] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 2688

Login zu Azure

$ az login

Deploy to App Service

$ az webapp up --sku F1 -n azure-toolbox-django-demo -l westeurope
webapp azure-toolbox-django-demo doesn't exist
Creating Resource group 'xx_xx_Linux_westeurope' ...
Resource group creation complete
Creating AppServicePlan 'xx_asp_Linux_westeurope_0' ...
Creating webapp 'flask-demo' ...
Configuring default logging for the app, if not already enabled
Creating zip with contents of dir .../Working-with_Django ...
Getting scm site credentials for zip deployment
Starting zip deployment. This operation can take a while to complete ...
Deployment endpoint responded with status code 202
You can launch the app at http://via-internet-django-demo.azurewebsites.net
{
  "URL": "http:/azure-toolbox-django-demo.azurewebsites.net",
  "appserviceplan": "xx_asp_Linux_westeurope_0",
  "location": "westeurope",
  "name": "azure-toolbox--django-demo",
  "os": "Linux",
  "resourcegroup": "xx_xx_Linux_westeurope",
  "runtime_version": "python|3.7",
  "runtime_version_detected": "-",
  "sku": "FREE",
  "src_path": ".../Working-with_Django"
}

Additional Reading

• Microsoft: Python on Azure
• Microsoft: Python in Visual Studio Code
• Microsoft: Azure für Python-Entwickler

Installation

Here is the documentation from Microsoft.

Mac OS

Install with Homebrew

$ brew update && brew install azure-cli
$ az login

• Part 1: Create a TDD Python Project
• Part 2: Use Jenkins to automatically test your App

Part 1: Create a TDD Python Project

Final source code is on Github.

Introduction

The task of creating an error free program is not easy. And, if your program runs free of errors, keeping it error-free after an update or change is even more complicated. You don’t want to insert new errors or change correct code with wrong parts.

The answer to this situation (directly from the Oracle of Delphi) is: Testing, Testing, Testing

And the best way to test is to start with tests.

This means: think about what the result should be and then create a Test that checks this. Imagine, you have to write a function for adding two values, and you should describe the functionality.

So, maybe, your description contains one or two examples:

My functions add’s two numbers, e.g 5 plus 7 is 12 (or at least should be 12 :))

The procedure with the TDD is:

• think and define, what the function should to
• write a stub for the function, e.g. only function parameters and return type
• write a function, that tests you function with defines parameters and know result

For our example above, this means:

Write the python script with the desired functionality: src/main.py

def add(val1,val2):
    return 0 # this is only a dummy return value

Write the Python Testscript: tst/main.p

def_test_add():
    result = add(5,7)

    if (result = 12):
        print("everything fine")
    else:
        printf("ups, problems with base arithmetics")

Now, with these in your toolbox, you can always verify your code by running the tests.

$ python test_add.py
ups, problems with base arithmetics

Setup virtual environment

Mostly, tests are repeated after every change. So, to be sure, that each test is running the same way and with the same environment, we will use pythons virtual environment feature to create a new fresh python environment for the tests.

Create virtual environment

$ python3 -m venv .env/python

Activate environment

Add the following line to .bashrc (or .envrc if you are using direnv)

$ . .env/python/bin/activate

Install required packages

$ pip install pytest

Create a sample Application

Prepare folder

Create folder for sources

$ mkdir src

Create sample package

$ mkdir src/CalculatorLib
$ touch src/CalculatorLib/__init__.py
$ touch src/CalculatorLib/Calculator.py

At least, create a simple Calculator: src/CalculatorLib/Calculator.py

class Calculator:
    def __init__(self):
        print("Init Calculator")

    def add(self, a, b):
        return a + b

    def subtract(self, a, b):
        return a - b

    def multiply(self, a, b):
        return a * b

    def divide(self, a, b):
        return a / b

    def power(self, base, exp):
        return base ** exp

Create the Main App for your Calculator: src/main.py

from CalculatorLib.Calculator import Calculator

class Main(object):

    def run(self):
        c = Calculator()

        print("5 + 3 = %5d" % c.add(5, 3))
        print("8 - 4 = %5d" % c.subtract(8, 4))
        print("5 * 3 = %5d" % c.multiply(5, 3))
        print("8 / 4 = %5d" % c.divide(8, 4))

        print("8 ^ 4 = %5d" % c.power(8, 4))

if __name__ == '__main__':
    Main().run()

Yur done with the fist development step. Try your app:

$ python src/main.py
Init Calculator
5 + 3 =     8
8 - 4 =     4
5 * 3 =    15
8 / 4 =     2
8 ^ 4 =  4096

Add Unit Tests

We will start with our first test. Create folder for tests and a file tst/main.py

$ mkdir tst
$ touch tst/main.py

Use the following for your test script tst/main.py

from CalculatorLib.Calculator import Calculator
import unittest

class CalculatorTest(unittest.TestCase):

    @classmethod
    def setUpClass(self):
        self.c = Calculator()

    def test_add(self):
        self.assertEqual(8, self.c.add(5, 3))

    def test_subtract(self):
        self.assertEqual(4, self.c.subtract(8, 4))

    def test_multiply(self):
        self.assertEqual(32, self.c.multiply(8, 4))

    def test_divide(self):
        self.assertEqual(2, self.c.divide(8, 4))
            
    def test_power(self):
        self.assertEqual(16, self.c.power(2, 4))
                                    
if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

Finally try your test script:

$ PYTHONPATH=./src python -m pytest tst/main.py  --verbose
================================= test session starts ================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 -- <Testproject_Python-Calculator/.env/python/bin/python>
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: <Testproject_Python-Calculator>
plugins: cov-2.6.1
collected 5 items

tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_add PASSED             [ 20%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_divide PASSED          [ 40%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_multiply PASSED        [ 60%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_power PASSED           [ 80%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_subtract PASSED        [100%]

The command to run the test is python -m pytest tst/main.py, but why the lead Variable PYTHONPATH?

Try it without:

$ python -m pytest tst/main.py
=================================== test session starts ==================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 -- ##/Testproject_Python-Calculator/.env/python/bin/python
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: ##/Testproject_Python-Calculator
plugins: cov-2.6.1
collected 0 items / 1 errors

========================================= ERRORS =========================================
____________________________________ ERROR collecting tst/main.py ________________________
ImportError while importing test module '##/Testproject_Python-Calculator/tst/main.py'.
Hint: make sure your test modules/packages have valid Python names.
Traceback:
tst/main.py:2: in <module>
    from CalculatorLib.Calculator import Calculator
E   ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'CalculatorLib'
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Interrupted: 1 errors during collection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
================================== 1 error in 1.84 secon==================================

Recognize the ModuleNotFoundError in line 16! This means, that Python could not find the desired CalculatorLib.

Look at your folder structure:

$ tree .
.
├── src
│   ├── CalculatorLib
│   │   ├── Calculator.py
│   │   ├── init__.py
│   └── main.py
└── tst
    └── main.py

In your Testscript, we import the CalculatorLib whit this statement:

from CalculatorLib.Calculator import Calculator

Python is interpreting this in the following way:

• Look in the folder of the test script for a subfolder with the name CalculatorLib
• There, look for a file Calculator.py
• And in this file, use the class Calculator

Obviously, the folder CalculatorLib is NOT in the same folder as the test script: it is part of the src folder.

So, using the environment variable PYTHONPATH, we inform python where to search python scripts and folders.

Add additional functionality

Add a function at the end of your Calculator: src/CalculatorLib/Calculator.py

    ....
    def factorial(self, n):
        return 0

Add a call of the new function to your main app: src/main.py

    ...
    def run(self):
        ...
        print("4!    = %5d" % c.factorial(4))

Add a test for the new function to your test script: tst/main.py

    ...
    def test_factorial(self):
        self.assertEqual(24, self.c.factorial(4))

Try it:

$ python src/main.py
Init Calculator
5 + 3 =     8
8 - 4 =     4
5 * 3 =    15
8 / 4 =     2
8 ^ 4 =  4096

$ PYTHONPATH=./src python -m pytest tst/main.py
==================================== test session starts =====================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0
rootdir: ##/Testproject_Python-Calculator
plugins: cov-2.6.1
collected 6 items

tst/main.py ..F...                                                                      [100%]

========================================== FAILURES ==========================================
_______________________________ CalculatorTest.test_factorial ________________________________

self = <main.CalculatorTest testMethod=test_factorial>

    def test_factorial(self):
>       self.assertEqual(24, self.c.factorial(4))
E       AssertionError: 24 != 0

tst/main.py:31: AssertionError
============================= 1 failed, 5 passed in 0.14 seconds =============================

Test failed, was we expect it.

Now, implement the function correctly and startover the test:

Add a function at the end of your Calculator: src/CalculatorLib/Calculator.py

import math

class Calculator:
    ...
    def factorial(self, n):
       if not n >= 0:
            raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")

        if math.floor(n) != n:
            raise ValueError("n must be exact integer")

        if n+1 == n:  # catch a value like 1e300
            raise OverflowError("n too large")

        result, factor = 1, 2
        
        while factor <= n:
            result *= factor
            factor += 1

        return result

$ PYTHONPATH=./src python -m pytest tst/main.py  --verbose
==================================== test session starts =====================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.4, pytest-4.4.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 -- ##/Testproject_Python-Calculator/.env/python/bin/python
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: ##/Testproject_Python-Calculator
plugins: cov-2.6.1
collected 6 items

tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_add PASSED                                             [ 16%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_divide PASSED                                          [ 33%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_factorial PASSED                                       [ 50%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_multiply PASSED                                        [ 66%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_power PASSED                                           [ 83%]
tst/main.py::CalculatorTest::test_subtract PASSED                                        [100%]

================================== 6 passed in 0.01 seconds ==================================

Testing Frameworks

https://wiki.python.org/moin/PythonTestingToolsTaxonomy

Unit testing framework

import unittest

class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_upper(self):
        self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')

    def test_isupper(self):
        self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper())
        self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper())

    def test_split(self):
        s = 'hello world'
        self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world'])
        
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            s.split(2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    unittest.main()

pytest – helps you write better programms

# content of test_sample.py
def inc(x):
    return x + 1

def test_answer():
    assert inc(3) == 5

$ pytest

nose – is nicer testing for python

def test_numbers_3_4():
    assert multiply(3,4) == 12 
 
def test_strings_a_3():
    assert multiply('a',3) == 'aaa

Python BDD Pattern

class MangoUseCase(TestCase):
  def setUp(self):
    self.user = 'placeholder'

  @mango.given('I am logged-in')
  def test_profile(self):
    self.given.profile = 'profile'
    self.given.photo = 'photo'

    self.given.notifications = 3
    self.given.notifications_unread = 1

    @mango.when('I click profile')
    def when_click_profile():
      print('click')

      @mango.then('I see profile')
      def then_profile():
        self.assertEqual(self.given.profile, 'profile')

      @mango.then('I see my photo')
        def then_photo():
          self.assertEqual(self.given.photo, 'photo')

radsh is not just another BDD tool …THE ROOT FROM RED TO GREEN

from radish import given, when, then

@given("I have the numbers {number1:g} and {number2:g}")
def have_numbers(step, number1, number2):
    step.context.number1 = number1
    step.context.number2 = number2

@when("I sum them")
def sum_numbers(step):
    step.context.result = step.context.number1 + \
        step.context.number2

@then("I expect the result to be {result:g}")
def expect_result(step, result):
    assert step.context.result == result

doctest

"""
The example module supplies one function, factorial().  For example,

>>> factorial(5)
120
"""

def factorial(n):
    """Return the factorial of n, an exact integer >= 0.

    >>> [factorial(n) for n in range(6)]
    [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
    >>> factorial(30)
    265252859812191058636308480000000
    >>> factorial(-1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    ValueError: n must be >= 0

    Factorials of floats are OK, but the float must be an exact integer:
    >>> factorial(30.1)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    ValueError: n must be exact integer
    >>> factorial(30.0)
    265252859812191058636308480000000

    It must also not be ridiculously large:
    >>> factorial(1e100)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
    OverflowError: n too large
    """

    import math
    if not n >= 0:
        raise ValueError("n must be >= 0")
    if math.floor(n) != n:
        raise ValueError("n must be exact integer")
    if n+1 == n:  # catch a value like 1e300
        raise OverflowError("n too large")
    result = 1
    factor = 2
    while factor <= n:
        result *= factor
        factor += 1
    return result

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import doctest
    doctest.testmod()

Sample Session with Test Frameworks

$ py.test -v
========================================================= test session starts ==========================================================
platform darwin -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.3.1, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.9.0 -- /CLOUD/Development.Anaconda/anaconda3/bin/python
cachedir: .pytest_cache
rootdir: /CLOUD/Development.Python/Repositories.FromGithub/repositories/python-toolbox/Working-with-TDD/app, inifile:
plugins: remotedata-0.3.1, openfiles-0.3.2, doctestplus-0.3.0, arraydiff-0.3
collected 4 items

test_base.py::test_should_pass PASSED                                                                                            [ 25%]
test_base.py::test_should_raise_error PASSED                                                                                     [ 50%]
test_base.py::test_check_if_true_is_true PASSED                                                                                  [ 75%]
test_base.py::test_check_if_inc_works PASSED

$ nosetests -v
test_base.test_should_pass ... ok
test_base.test_should_raise_error ... ok
test_base.test_check_if_true_is_true ... ok
test_base.test_check_if_inc_works ... ok

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 4 tests in 0.001s

OK

Links and additional information

http://pythontesting.net/

https://www.xenonstack.com/blog/test-driven-development-big-data/

https://realpython.com/python-testing/

Installation

$ pip install flask

$ flask --version
Python 3.7.3
Flask 1.1.1
Werkzeug 0.15.5

Creating a App

Create base python script app.py

from flask import Flask

app = Flask(__name__)

@app.route('/')
def example():
   return '{"name":"Bob"}'

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app.run()

Start Flask

flask run

 * Environment: production
   WARNING: This is a development server. Do not use it in a production deployment.
   Use a production WSGI server instead.
 * Debug mode: off
 * Running on http://127.0.0.1:5000/ (Press CTRL+C to quit)
127.0.0.1 - - [01/Aug/2019 12:19:00] "GET / HTTP/1.1" 200 -
127.0.0.1 - - [01/Aug/2019 12:19:00] "GET /favicon.ico HTTP/1.1" 404 -

Cookbook

Customize start dir

$ jupyter notebook --generate-config<br>
Writing default config to: /Users/demo/.jupyter/jupyter_notebook_config.py

Search for the following line in the file

#c.NotebookApp.notebook_dir = ''

Replace by

c.NotebookApp.notebook_dir = '†/the/path/to/home/folder/'

Change password

jupyter lab password

Free online Notebooks

https://notebooks.azure.com/

https://nbviewer.jupyter.org/

https://colab.research.google.com/notebooks/welcome.ipynb

Introduction

• venv module
• virtualenv
• pipenv

pipenv

Introduction

Pipenv — the officially recommended Python packaging tool from Python.org, free (as in freedom).

Read here how to install in details

Installation

brew install pipenv

Prepare environment

venv module

Installation

Nothing required. Module venv is part of the Python distribution

Prepare environment

python3 -m venv env

virtualenv

Prepare environment

$ virtualenv -p python3 .env/python