Like any other program, Azure Databricks notebooks should be tested automatically to ensure code quality.
Using standard Python Test Tools is not easy because these tools are based on Python files in a file system. And a notebook doesn’t correspond to a Python file.
class Calculator:
def __init__(self, x = 10, y = 8):
self.x = x
self.y = y
def add(self, x = None, y = None):
if x == None: x = self.x
if y == None: y = self.y
return x+y
def subtract(self, x = None, y = None):
if x == None: x = self.x
if y == None: y = self.y
return x-y
def multiply(self, x = None, y = None):
if x == None: x = self.x
if y == None: y = self.y
return x*y
def divide(self, x = None, y = None):
if x == None: x = self.x
if y == None: y = self.y
if y == 0:
raise ValueError('cannot divide by zero')
else:
return x/y
Error in SQL statement: AnalysisException: Can not create the managed table('`demo`'). The associated location('dbfs:/user/hive/warehouse/demo') already exists.;
Don’t want to read the post, then explore this Azure Notebook
Requirements
Define needed moduls and functions
from datetime import datetime
import pyspark.sql.functions as F
Create DataFrame for this post:
df = spark.sql("select * from diamonds")
df.show()
Working with Widgets
Default Widgets
dbutils.widgets.removeAll()
dbutils.widgets.text("W1", "1", "Text")
dbutils.widgets.combobox("W2", "3", [str(x) for x in range(1, 10)], "Combobox")
dbutils.widgets.dropdown("W3", "4", [str(x) for x in range(1, 10)], "Dropdown")
Multiselect Widgets
list = [ f"Square of {x} is {x*x}" for x in range(1, 10)]
dbutils.widgets.multiselect("W4", list[0], list, "Multi-Select")
Monitor the changes when selection values
print("Selection: ", dbutils.widgets.get("W4"))
print("Current Time =", datetime.now().strftime(
Filter Query by widgets
Prepare widgets
dbutils.widgets.removeAll()
df = spark.sql("select * from diamonds")
vals = [ str(x[0]) for x in df.select("cut").orderBy("cut").distinct().collect() ]
dbutils.widgets.dropdown("Cuts", vals[0], vals)
vals = [ str(x[0]) for x in df.select("carat").orderBy("carat").distinct().collect() ]
dbutils.widgets.dropdown("Carat", vals[0], vals)
Now, change some values
filter_cut = dbutils.widgets.get("Cuts")
df=spark.sql(f"select * from diamonds where cut='{filter_cut}'").show()
= Table.TransformColumnNames(Source, each Text.Combine(
Splitter.SplitTextByCharacterTransition({"a".."z"},{"A".."Z"})(_), " "))
Als Function
(columnNames as text) =>
let
splitColumn = Splitter.SplitTextByCharacterTransition({"a".."z"}, {"A".."Z"})(columnNames)
in
Text.Combine(splitColumn, " ")
Daten transformieren
Zeilen gruppenweise pivotieren
Aufgabenstellung
Werden Daten angeliefert, in denen das Gruppierungsmerkmal in den Zeilen vorhanden ist und somit mehrere Zeilen pro Datensatz vorhanden, wünscht man sich meist eine kompaktere Darstellung.
Für den Datensatz mit dem Wert “Daten 1” werden also vier Zeilen mit unterschiedlichen Werten in GRUPPE und Wert angeliefert.
Gewünscht ist aber eine kompaktere Darstellung mit den vorhandenen Gruppen als Spalten:
Die Aufgabenstellung ist somit die Umwandlung der angelieferten Daten:
Eine Beispieldatei liegt hier. Das Endergebnis liegt hier. Speichern sie beide Dateien im Order C: \TMP, dann stimmt der Verweis in Query.xlsx auf die Daten Daten.xlsx.
Schritt 1: Daten vorbereiten
Im ersten Schritt erstellen wir eine neue Excel-Daten und greifen auf die vorbereiteten Daten über Power Query zu.
Wählen Sie dazu im Register Daten den Eintrag Daten abrufen / Aus Datei / Aus Arbeitsmappe und selektieren sie die gewünschte Datei:
To import multiple files from a folder, the following two steps had to be done:
create a list of all files in the folder
for each file: read the file and add it to the result table
When importing files with Power BI, you can do both tasks together or each task separately.
The decision, which way to go, ist done after selection the folder:
You could choose between 4 posibilities. Strictly speaking, you have to possibilities, both with the same to final steps.
Load or Combine files
Load means, the list of the files will be loaded as table Technicaly two things are done:
a connection is created in the model
the data (list of files) is loaded to the mode
Just Load or Transform data
Transform means, you will end up in the Power Query Editor, so you can add additional modifications
In order to better understand the process, we show the two steps separately: one after the other
Load the list of files from folder
Start Power BI and close the start screen, if it is still visible.
Then, click on the Get Data Button in the Home Ribbon
If you click on the small down arrow on the Get Data Button, you have to select the option More
Now, select Folder and click on Connect
Enter the folder (or Browse…) with the files to be loaded and click Ok
After this, Power Query will create a table with all files in the folder.
Now, here is the point to decide, which way to go:
Combine
Read list of files and combine all files into on table
Load
Just keep the list of files and return to Power BI
Transform
Keep the list of files and open the Power Query Editor
We will choose to load the files, because we will do each step later separately
In Power BI Desktop, click on the Data Icon to show the resulting table.
Combine all files into one table
To add additional steps, we need the Power Query Editor.
So click on the 3 dots at the right side of the Query name Samples and choose Edit Query
Now, you are in the Power Query Editor
To combine all files, just click on the small icon beneath the header of the content column:
In the following dialog, you will see all files an a preview of the content for each file. For excel files, you will see the sheet names and the names of the intelligent tables in the sheets.
Click on OK to start the import.
When Power Query is done with this step, you will see the result:
The previous query Samples is still there, but now with the content of all files.
Additionally, you will see four other elements:
How combining the files is done
Each query consists of a list of steps, which are process one after another. Normaly, each step is using the result (data) of the previous step, performs some modifications and has a result (data) for the next step.
So, each step is modifying the whole data of the previous step. Describing some modifications means either
do one thing, e.g. add an additional column
or
do something for each row in the data This means, we need some sort of a loop, like “do xyz for each row in the data
Lets see, how Power Query solves this task.
In the query Samples, exampine the Step Invoke Custom Function1
The Step if performing the M function Table.AddColumn
This functions needs 3 parameter:
table: which is normaly the name of the prevoius step In our example #”Filtered Hidden Files1″
newColumnName: the name for the column to be added “Transform File”
columnGenerator: a function which is called for each row in the input table and creates the new column content each #”Transform File”([Content])
This results in the following procedure:
for each row of the list of files (output from step #”Filtered Hidden Files1″)
get the content of the column Content (this will be the parameter for the function call)
call the function “Transform File”([Content]) to create the column with one parameter: the value of the column ([Content] i
Helper Queries (Required)
This is the required function to create the column content for each file
Helper queries (Optional)
For the resulting query Samples to work, only the function definition is required.
But Power Query add some additional elements, to test the function and show the result
Create a parameter used in the query Transform Sample File and define the curent value Sample File
Define a value for the parameter. Here, the first row in the list of files is used.
Create a query and use an excel workbook as input. The name of the excel file is speficied as a parameter
In this query, the previously create parameter Parameter1 is used as parameter (to much of the word parameter, i know :))
Importing multiple files with different formats
If the selected folder contains files with different format, the result is not what you may be expect:
The list of files contains all files, both csv files and xls files
When combining the files, you can select between the files. So first take a look at an csv file:
The csv file looks as expected:
But the xls files looks strange:
But lets try. Click on ok to combine all files.
But, looking at the resulting query, the data of the xls files still looks strange:
To understand this, take a look into the create transfer function:
Starten Sie die Datenbank in einem eigenen Fenster mit dem nachfolgenden Kommando:
docker compose up
[+] Running 14/14
- db Pulled
- b4d181a07f80 Already exists
- 46ca1d02c28c Pull complete
- a756866b5565 Pull complete
- 36c49e539e90 Pull complete
- 664019fbcaff Pull complete
- 727aeee9c480 Pull complete
- 796589e6b223 Pull complete
- 6664992e747d Pull complete
- 0f933aa7ccec Pull complete
- 99b5e5d88b32 Pull complete
- a901b82e6004 Pull complete
- 625fd35fd0f3 Pull complete
- 9e37bf358a5d Pull complete
[+] Running 1/1
- Container elixis_postgres Started
Attaching to elixis_postgres
elixis_postgres | The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
elixis_postgres | This user must also own the server process.
...
...
...
elixis_postgres | 2021-07-12 15:01:08.042 UTC [1] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections
Datenbanktabellen erstellen
Festlegen der Datenbank-Verbindungsparameter in der Datei config/dev.exs.
Wir verwenden dabie die gleichen Werte, die wir in der Datei docker-compose.yml verwendet haben:
cobc --version
cobc (GnuCOBOL) 2.2.0
Copyright (C) 2017 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Written by Keisuke Nishida, Roger While, Ron Norman, Simon Sobisch, Edward Hart
Built Oct 15 2019 14:14:21
Packaged Sep 06 2017 18:48:43 UTC
C version "4.2.1 Compatible Apple LLVM 11.0.0 (clang-1100.0.33.8)"
First Steps
Create sample programm
Create Hello World programm hello_world.cob
HELLO * HISTORIC EXAMPLE OF HELLO WORLD IN COBOL
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. HELLO.
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
DISPLAY "HELLO, WORLD".
STOP RUN.
Werden Daten angeliefert, in denen das Gruppierungsmerkmal in den Zeilen vorhanden ist und somit mehrere Zeilen pro Datensatz vorhanden, wünscht man sich meist eine kompaktere Darstellung.
Für den Datensatz mit dem Wert “Daten 1” werden also vier Zeilen mit unterschiedlichen Werten in GRUPPE und Wert angeliefert.
Gewünscht ist aber eine kompaktere Darstellung mit den vorhandenen Gruppen als Spalten:
Die Aufgabenstellung ist somit die Umwandlung der angelieferten Daten:
Eine Beispieldatei liegt hier. Das Endergebnis liegt hier. Speichern sie beide Datein im Order C: \TMP, dann stimmt der Verweis in Query.xlsx auf die Daten Daten.xlsx.
Schritt 1: Daten vorbereiten
Im ersten Schritt erstellen wir eine neue Excel-Daten und greifen auf die vorbereiteten Daten über Power Query zu.
Wählen Sie dazu im Register Daten den Eintrag Daten abrufen / Aus Datei / Aus Arbeitsmappe und selektieren sie die gewünschte Datei:
= Table.TransformColumnNames(#"Removed Other Columns", each Text.Combine(
Splitter.SplitTextByCharacterTransition({"a".."z"},{"A".."Z"})(_), " "))
Daten transformieren
Zeilen gruppenweise pivotieren
Aufgabenstellung
Werden Daten angeliefert, in denen das Gruppierungsmerkmal in den Zeilen vorhanden ist und somit mehrere Zeilen pro Datensatz vorhanden, wünscht man sich meist eine kompaktere Darstellung.
Für den Datensatz mit dem Wert “Daten 1” werden also vier Zeilen mit unterschiedlichen Werten in GRUPPE und Wert angeliefert.
Gewünscht ist aber eine kompaktere Darstellung mit den vorhandenen Gruppen als Spalten:
Die Aufgabenstellung ist somit die Umwandlung der angelieferten Daten:
Eine Beispieldatei liegt hier. Das Endergebnis liegt hier. Speichern sie beide Datein im Order C: \TMP, dann stimmt der Verweis in Query.xlsx auf die Daten Daten.xlsx.
Schritt 1: Daten vorbereiten
Im ersten Schritt erstellen wir eine neue Excel-Daten und greifen auf die vorbereiteten Daten über Power Query zu.
Wählen Sie dazu im Register Daten den Eintrag Daten abrufen / Aus Datei / Aus Arbeitsmappe und selektieren sie die gewünschte Datei:
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS quickstart;
CREATE TABLE quickstart
USING csv
OPTIONS (path "/databricks-datasets/data.csv", header "true")
Create Table from CSV file with PySpark
Analyse Data
Group and Display
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